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Bronchiolitis
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Problem Overview
Bronchiolitis is an infection of the lung's airways. It most often occurs in young children, commonly between 3 and 6 months of age. About one in nine babies gets bronchiolitis in his or her first year of life, usually during the fall and winter months.
The infection starts out with signs and symptoms similar to those of a common cold but then progresses to coughing and wheezing. Although a child's bout of bronchiolitis may be scary, particularly for parents, signs and symptoms typically last for about a week and then go away. In the meantime, you can take a number of self-help measures to make your child more comfortable.
Signs and symptoms
For the first two or three days, the signs and symptoms of bronchiolitis are similar to those of a common cold:
- Runny nose
- Stuffy nose
- Slight fever (may or may not occur)
After this, there may be two or three days of:
- Wheezing — breathing seems more difficult or noisy when breathing out
- Coughing — tends to be harsh, comes in fits and doesn't produce any phlegm
- Rapid or difficult breathing
- Rapid heartbeat
In otherwise healthy infants, the infection generally goes away by itself in seven to 10 days. If your child was born prematurely or has underlying health problems, such as a heart or lung condition or a weakened immune system, the infection may be more severe and your child may need to be hospitalized.
Causes
The windpipe (trachea) is the main airway to your lungs. Within your lungs, the trachea branches off into two main breathing tubes called bronchi, one into your left lung and one into your right. Within each lung, the bronchi branch off into smaller and smaller air tube passageways, distributing air throughout your lungs. The smallest of these airways are called bronchioles.
Bronchiolitis occurs when an infectious agent — usually a virus — enters the respiratory system and makes its way to the bronchioles, causing them to become inflamed and swollen. As a result, mucus often collects in these airways, which can make it difficult for air to flow freely through your lungs. In older children and adults, the resulting signs and symptoms are generally mild. But an infant's bronchioles are much narrower than are an adult's and are more easily blocked, leading to greater difficulty breathing.
The respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), a common virus, causes more than half of all childhood bronchiolitis cases. The rest are caused by infectious agents such as parainfluenza viruses, the influenza (flu) virus, some adenoviruses, Mycoplasma pneumoniae organisms or the more recently identified human metapneumovirus.
Bronchiolitis is a contagious condition. You contract the infectious virus just like you would a cold or the flu — by inhaling airborne droplets of infected mucus or other respiratory secretions or by touching objects contaminated by these secretions and then touching your eyes, nose or mouth.
Risk factors
One of the greatest risk factors for getting bronchiolitis is being less than 6 months old, because the lungs and immune system aren't yet fully developed. Boys tend to get bronchiolitis more frequently than girls do. Other factors that have been associated with an increased risk of bronchiolitis in children include:
- Never having been breast-fed — breast-fed babies receive immune protection from the mother
- Premature birth
- Exposure to cigarette smoke
- Contact with multiple children, such as in a child-care setting
- Having siblings who attend school
When to seek medical advice
Signs and symptoms of bronchiolitis usually go away on their own after seven to 10 days. But if you or your child has more than minor breathing problems, contact your pediatrician or family doctor.
If your child experiences any of the following signs and symptoms, seek prompt medical attention:
- Vomiting
- Breathing very fast — more than 40 breaths a minute — and shallowly
- Skin turning blue, especially around the lips and fingernails (cyanosis)
- Exhaustion from trying to breathe or the need to sit up in order to breathe
- Lethargy
- Refusal to drink any fluids
If your child was born prematurely or has heart or lung disease, see your doctor at the first signs of illness, because this infection may quickly become severe.
Screening and diagnosis
Your doctor will likely listen to your child's lungs with a stethoscope to check for wheezing, and prolonged breathing out (exhaling). These may indicate obstructed airflow in the bronchioles. In severe or uncertain cases, your doctor may request that a chest X-ray be taken to visually check for inflammation of the airways in the lungs and any signs of pneumonia.
In addition, your doctor may collect a sample of mucus from your child — using a nasal pharyngeal swab or a suction catheter that's gently inserted into the nose — to test for the virus that may be causing the bronchiolitis. Occasionally, blood tests might be used to check your child's white blood cell count. An increase in white blood cells is usually a sign that your body is fighting an infection. A blood test can also determine whether the level of oxygen has decreased in your child's bloodstream. Oxygen is necessary to the functioning of the body's organs, including the brain.
Your doctor may also ask you about signs of dehydration, especially if your child has been refusing to drink or eat or has been vomiting. Signs of dehydration include sunken eyes, dry mouth and skin, sluggishness, and little or no urinary output.
Complications
Complications of severe bronchiolitis may include:
- Increasingly labored breathing
- Cyanosis, a condition in which your child's skin appears blue or ashen, especially around the lips, caused by lack of oxygen
- Dehydration
- Fatigue
If these occur, your child may need hospitalization.
If your infant was born prematurely, has a heart or lung condition, or has a compromised immune system, watch closely for beginning signs of bronchiolitis. The infection may rapidly become severe — possibly life-threatening — and signs and symptoms of the underlying condition may become worse. In such cases, your child will usually need hospitalization to monitor his or her health and provide any necessary care.
Infrequently, bronchiolitis is accompanied by another lung infection such as bacterial pneumonia, which is treated separately. Reinfections with RSV after the initial episode may occur but typically aren't as severe. Repeated episodes of bronchiolitis may precede the development of asthma later in life, but the relationship between the two conditions is unclear.
Treatment
You can treat most cases of bronchiolitis at home with self-care steps. Because a virus is usually the cause of bronchiolitis, antibiotics — which are used to treat infections caused by bacteria — aren't effective against it. If your child has an associated bacterial infection, such as pneumonia, your doctor may prescribe antibiotics for that.
In more severe cases, doctors may prescribe a bronchodilator, a medication to open up the airways in the lungs, such as albuterol or albuterol inhalers (Proventil, Ventolin, others). Inhaled antiviral drugs have not proved to be useful.
If your child has complications from bronchiolitis, a stay at the hospital may be necessary. At the hospital, your child will likely receive humidified oxygen to maintain sufficient oxygen in the blood, and perhaps fluids through a vein (intravenously) to prevent dehydration.
Prevention
Because bronchiolitis spreads from person to person, one of the best ways to prevent it is to wash your hands frequently, especially before touching your baby when you have a cold. If your child has bronchiolitis, keep him or her at home until the illness is past to avoid spreading it to others.
These other simple but effective ways can help curb spread of the infection:
Limit your child's contact with people who have a fever or cold. If your child is a newborn, especially a premature newborn, avoid any exposure to people with colds in the first two months of life.
Keep bathroom and kitchen countertops in your home clean. Be especially careful if another family member has a cold. To disinfect the area, you can use a solution of bleach and water made with a tablespoon of bleach per gallon of cool water. Don't mix in any other chemicals, as this can create a toxic chemical reaction.
Use a tissue only once. Discard used tissues promptly.
Use your own drinking glass. Don't share glasses with others.
Be prepared away from home. Keep a waterless hand sanitizer handy for use when you and your child are away from home.
There's no vaccine for bronchiolitis. But there is a medication that can help decrease the likelihood of RSV infections in infants with high risk of severe disease. This drug may decrease the need for hospitalization and limit severity of the illness. In the United States, preventive treatment usually is given monthly during the peak RSV season, beginning in the fall and continuing for about 5 months. The high cost generally limits use to infants at particularly high risk of RSV infection, such as those born with a heart-lung condition or a depressed immune system. The medication — Palivizumab (Synagis) — provides temporary antibody protection against RSV. It's administered through a single injection into a large muscle, such as the thigh, once a month every month until no longer necessary. It doesn't interfere with childhood vaccines.
Self-care
Although it may not be possible to shorten the duration of your child's illness, you may be able to relieve some of the symptoms and make your child more comfortable. Here are some tips to consider:
Humidify the air. If the air in your child's room is dry, a cool-mist humidifier or vaporizer can moisten the air and help ease congestion and coughing. Be sure to keep the humidifier clean to prevent the growth of bacteria and molds. Keep the room warm but not overheated — too much heat can make the air drier. Another way to humidify the air is to run a hot shower or bath in the bathroom and let it steam up the room. Sitting in there with your child for about 15 minutes may help ease a fit of coughing.
Keep your child upright. Being in an upright position usually makes breathing easier. Placing your infant in a car seat may help. If you plan to leave your child in a car seat for an extended period of time, such as for a nap, make sure your child's head won't fall forward, which can prevent proper breathing. To do this, place foam wedges or a rolled up blanket on either side of your child's head to keep it safely in place. Also check that the seat has an appropriate slope. This varies with the child's size and age.
Have your child drink clear fluids. To prevent dehydration, give your child plenty of clear fluids to drink, such as water, juice or gelatin water. Your child may drink more slowly than usual, due to congestion.
Try saline nasal drops to ease congestion. You can purchase these drops over-the-counter (OTC). They're effective, safe and nonirritating, even for children. To use them, instill several drops into one nostril, then immediately bulb suction that nostril. Repeat the process in the other nostril. If your child is old enough, you might teach your child how to blow his or her nose.
Use OTC pain relievers. OTC pain relievers such as acetaminophen (Tylenol, others) may help relieve a sore throat and improve your child's ability to drink fluids. Don't use aspirin in children, as it's associated with a rare but serious illness called Reye's syndrome.
Maintain a smoke-free environment. Smoke can aggravate symptoms of respiratory infections.
Article provided by www.mayoclinic.com
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